Transliteration: the Translation of Writing Systems
Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a text in a writing system to a different writing system. For this purpose, the symbols in the origin writing system have to be mapped into the destination symbols. This process is generally based on phonetic similarities, although graphic similarities can also be taken. Transliteration must not be confused with transcription, which denotes the process of representing the sounds of one language into another.
The need for transliteration appears when a speaker of a language has to use different symbols to express his language, mainly due to unavailability of the original symbols. The clearest example is keyboards. When a Russian is abroad and wants to write in Cyrillic, he will find a different keyboard from the one that he is used to. The computer system may allow him activate Cyrillic script but, what if it does not? He will find himself with the need of writing Cyrillics with a western keyboard. The solution will be to express the Russian words with the closest equivalent Latin letter. Anyway, it is possible to find people who write Tchaikovsky, Tschaikowsky or Chaikovski. This is closer to a transcription. The objective is to find a neutral basis that does not look like transcription rather than transliteration.
At the beginning, this transliterations were done unofficially, but nowadays they are mostly standarized. Each government (whose official language uses a writing system different from the latin alphabet) has a set of rules to transliterate its alphabet, abjad, syllabary or ideographic system. This is also done in any context where the text is targeted at those who do not know the language: for example, for names on street signs, passports, and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language.
Transliteration is also extended to SMS and chats. This communication places are not always prepared to exchange non-Latin characters. For that reason, it is frequent to see transliteration in such environments.
The most common type of transliteration is Romanization, due to the situation of Latin (Roman) alphabet as standard. Here we can find Japanese transliteration, called Romaji. All Japanese who have attended elementary school since 1945 have been taught to read and write romanized Japanese. Romanization is also the most
common system to input Japanese text into word processors and computers. Therefore, almost all Japanese are able to read and write Japanese using romaji. In this case of transliteration, one source symbol corresponds to set of output symbol (remember that Japanese uses syllabaries and ideograms).
In the case of Russian or Greek transliteration, every input symbol corresponds to one or two destination symbols. In this cases a chart of equivalences is enough to perform the transliteration. That’s how we can read and understand Panathinaikos or Glasnost’. Pupils are also taught in school the Roman alphabet, so that they can find it easier when they have to learn a foreign language.
Visit Rusklaviatura.com for further information about Russian transliteration.
Juan Garcia
http://www.articlesbase.com/computers-articles/transliteration-the-translation-of-writing-systems-92086.html
Using PPC to Generate Profits for Your Affiliate Marketing Business
There are four fundamental kinds of Search Engines on the Internet and PPC is one of them. In fact, it is one of the best ways for doing promotion of business on the Internet with respect to the cost-effectiveness too. PPC, which means Pay Per Click, has accounted for two billion dollars every year and the Forbes magazine even expect the amount would jump to nearly 8 billion by the end of 2008.
Therefore, now, let us have a look at the way that PPC Search Engines function.
The Search Engines would try to make a list of keywords and give them ratings according to the bid amount which the owners of some websites want to pay. Then, advertisers would try to bid to become the number one for some specific keyword or phrase.
Then, the bidder who has the highest frequency of a certain assigned keyword or phrase would be regarded as top in the Search Engines, and the others follow. Then, your advertisements would be shown on the Engine’s results page according to the amount of bids you have agreed to pay for every hit.
Then, you might want to know how you can generate profits with the help of PPC. Let us have a look.
For some affiliate programs, you might get paid only when a product is really sold when the visitors click through your webpage and buy the products. Profit through this way is unstable since not all visitors would really purchase the products and if the site is not good, visitors would probably not buy products.
Therefore, you could choose PPC for your marking program because the income is more stable and you can make profits easier than not using PPC. By using PPC, you would earn money based on the amount of hits which your visitors make on the advertiser’s site, but not based on the amount of sales.
In fact, PPC can be a very useful resource for your website. When you adopt PPC Search Engines for your affiliate business, you can generate profits from visitors who actually might not be interested in the products or services you provide for them. However, you can still receive money from their hits.
Through using PPC, you can get a lot of benefits. First of all, of course, you can get a lot of profits directly from the programs. Moreover, you can make your site more well-known. When visitors visit some sites through clicking at your site, they might not remember the address of those sites, but they might probably remember yours. Then, when they are going to get to those again, they might click through your sites again! When they click like this time by time, your site would become a very useful source to them so that they would also want to understand more about your site instead of just treating it as a stepping stone. This can then indirectly promote your site.
Actually, PPC is a good means for you to earn some extra revenues easily. For instance, when a visitors search for something through the Search Engine in your site and click on the bided list of the advertisers, you would receive compensation of more than thirty percent of the amount which advertisers bided.
As mentioned above, PPC is a good tool for promoting your own webpage. Many programs would allow users to use the credits received from PPC to exchange for other visitors. This means that you can reach some target customers more easily and attract them to buy the products or services provided on your own.
If you try to put PPC tools as part of your affiliate program, what is going to happen?
In fact, PPC would usually provide a affiliate tool which is user-friendly and can be used immediately and you can fuse it with your site very easily. Some of the commonest tools are banners, text links and search boxes. A number of engines would give your affiliate program a label, usually white and would guide you to customize your own PPC. Thus, using some simple codes which can be remembered easily, you can fuse the PPC into your site without much difficulties.
You might want to know; what are the major benefits I can enjoy if I adopt PPC tools The answer is very simple. You can surely make more money. Besides, you might even have a lifelong stable income if you have get connected to some webmaster friends with the engine.
If you have already have a stable affiliate marketing business, and have a site which is quite popular and have stable amount of visitors or subscribers, you can seriously consider using PPC to help you make extra money. It is not hard to learn to use these tools and you can really earn much more money through using them. Therefore, if you want to widen the source of income for your affiliate business, it is very wise to adopt PPC programs.
Take action now! Try to get more information about PPC search engines and the way you can use them for your affiliate business. It is really a very great chance to boost the profit you can earn from the Internet.
Edmund Toh
http://www.articlesbase.com/internet-marketing-articles/using-ppc-to-generate-profits-for-your-affiliate-marketing-business-717642.html
How To Create A Resource Box For Your Article
What is an article resource box? For those who may be some what new to the field of internet business and article marketing the resource box is the small biography about the author of the article with a hyperlink to his website. Most articles have this at the end of the article.
Resource boxes are not a new concept created just for the internet. Magazine articles have used them for many years. Newspapers have used them also, except maybe for staff authors. What the internet has done is add the hyperlink to the resource box.
You can think of it as a bartering exchange. The publisher benefits from the content being provided by the author, which makes his website more informative and useful to visitors. The author benefits from the increased exposure that links back to his website.
So what makes for a good resource box in an article?
The goal is to not be too overwhelming for the publisher. Yet it has to be effective in drawing the reader to click on the hyperlink and visit your website. A third but equally important requirement is to consider how the search engines view your resource box.
1 – From a publisher’s perspective:
I have a website which I use to publish articles from other authors. I don’t just automatically approve all articles but read them to decide if appropriate. I’ve learned that one of the first things I do before even reading the article is to check out the resource box for some obvious issues:
* Is the author’s name included? This indicates ownership and commitment.
* Are there too many hyperlinks? For me, one or two links are desired. Depending on the links maybe three is appropriate. If it appears the author is simply greedy and looking for exposure to multiple sites I don’t even bother with reading the article.
* Does the author say something about himself or about their website or what they do? One or two sentences are usually appropriate here.
* Follow the hyperlinks and check out the website(s). Is the site completed? Is it useful and appropriate? The kind of site I would be willing to link to?
These are the resource box attributes I look for before even reading the article. Again this is my option, but from what I’ve read other publishers look for similar requirements.
2 – From a visitor or users perspective:
For the reader or potential customer you have only a few sentences to draw them to click on your website. As mentioned previously, some basic information usually fulfills this requirement.
The real work for invoking the user’s click on your link is with the article body itself. If the article content is found to be useful and interesting to the reader, they are more likely to click on your link. Under these conditions your resource box simply needs to give them a little guidance to get them there.
3 – From the search engines perspective:
From the search engine perspective keywords are everything. It is beyond the scope of this article to detail exactly how keywords are determined. Check out any popular forum (Google for one) on search engine optimization and you’ll find plenty of topics about keywords.
Many experts now recommend including the keywords in the anchor text portion of the hyperlink. The “anchor text” is the portion of the link which is visible to the user. When the user clicks on the anchor text, the hyperlink directs him to the website address which is the second part of the hyperlink.
The primary obstacle with using your keywords as the anchor text is that it requires some html elements to be included when submitting your article to be published. Many automated web publishing systems automatically strip out any html elements it finds, which then eliminates your link.
To get around this obstacle authors are submitting two links as part of the resource box. One is with the html formatting to properly display their keywords as the anchor text portion of the link and another link with the plain text version of their website address. This method at least provides a basic link to their site if the html formatted link is removed.
Craig Ritsema
http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/how-to-create-a-resource-box-for-your-article-50382.html
How to Promote your Small Business Web Site Without Costing you a Nickel
Title : How to Promote your small business web site without costing you a nickel.
Desc : Organizing a Cost Effective Small Business Web Site Promotion And how to promote your website!
How to: Promote your small business web site without costing you a nickel.
Small Business Web Site Promotion
The most important thing to remember when you want to encourage visitors to visit your web site is to make sure they will want to return again. ‘Visitors’ means not just human web surfers, but also the search engines and directories. Small business website promotion, no matter how much you promote your site, will be the look of the site that will keep visitors there and hopefully buy your products or services.
Optimize your Site for Search Engines; Check your links
Small business website promotion starts with a search engine spider indexing or cataloging your site by following the links from one page to another. Just as human visitors dislike a broken link, so do the spiders. If a link doesn’t work they’ll simply move onto the next page. No matter how sophisticated the search engine software is, it can’t index what it can’t find. Also remember that a spider will not be able to follow a link that requires a form submission or Java Script so small business website promotion is very important.
While considering the subject of links, if you are using HTML and CSS on your site, make sure that both work properly. A certain minimum level of requirements must be met so that your pages will display correctly. It is only if these are met that a spider can do its work. There are free facilities online that can check both of these for you.
* Make sure your links work.
* Do not use forms or Javascript if you want a search engine spider to find your pages
* Check that HTML and CSS work properly.
Do not make your Pages too big!
Most of us have heard the expression ‘size isn’t everything’. While this may not be true of many things, it does matter when it comes to web pages. People do not like having to wait an eternity for a web page to load. Search engine spiders may not fully index a page bigger than 150k in size. Remember that the size of a page does not simply depend on the actual HTML file itself, but includes everything on the page such as images, banners etc.
If you have a lot of images on your pages, then either reduce the number of them, or use a program such as Macromedia Fireworks to optimize them for the web. If the page has a big file size because there is a massive amount of text in it, then you should consider splitting the text into smaller, more manageable pieces and putting them on several pages and linking one to another. SEO Chat has a tool called “Page Size Lookup” which can tell you the size of your web page; you can check it out at
http://www.seochat.com/seo-tools/page-size/
* Keep the file size to below 150k
* Optimize images for the web
* Use a free page size checker to find out the actual size of the page.
Search Engines and Directories; What is the difference between a search engine and a directory?
People frequently use the term ‘search engine’ as a catch-all expression for anything they use to search the Web. They are different things though, and an understanding of the differences will enable you get use both effectively to promote your site more successfully.
How does a search engine work?
Search engines use highly sophisticated software to search the web for new pages. It then automatically creates and updates their indexes. Whenever they find an active hyperlink, they will follow it and add that to the index and so on. These ‘crawling’ programs are generally referred to as ‘spiders’.
Normally, all this is totally automatic, but sometimes human intervention is involved. The spider will return periodically to the pages and check for updated content. Often there will be a delay between you uploading your page, and the spider finding it, unless you submit your URL directly to the search engine itself. You can submit a web URL to Google ™ free of charge.
* Search engines are usually automatic
* They will revisit your pages.
* Spiders will find all the pages on your site as long as there are active hyperlinks for them to follow.
* You can submit a site to most search engines free of charge.
How Directories Work.
The primary difference between a search engine and a search directory is that a directory is compiled by a real person. Frequently the site owner will submit a short description of the site together with its URL to the directory compiler to be considered for inclusion. Directories are arranged into categories to make it easier to find what you are looking for.
When you submit your site to a directory, you choose the category you want your site to be featured in. A reviewer then checks to ensure that your site is in the most suitable category.
Another difference between a search engine and a directory is that whereas a search engine could list every individual page in your web site, a directory will generally only contain a single entry covering your entire site.
* Directories are compiled by real people.
* They are categorized.
* A reviewer checks to ensure your site is in the best category.
* A directory will usually only contain one entry for your entire site.
Shared Indexes and Hybrids
Things are never so straightforward though. Some search portals are a hybrid, combing a search engine and a directory. The search engine part returns automated results, while the directory gives human found results.
Normally, a hybrid will supply hits from the directory as the primary source, with the search engine results of individual pages as the secondary source.
Getting your Site Ready
It cannot be stressed too strongly that search engines and/or directories are by far the most important way of getting your site noticed. To do this, you have to properly prepare the site and submit your URL to them.
Keywords are important: Choose the right keywords
Think what your web site is all about. If you had to describe your site in one word, then that word is your first keyword. Then think about other words to describe your site. Make a list of them, with the most important at the top of the list and so on. You want a list of between ten and fifteen words. Since these keywords will be used in a variety of ways, it is important that you take some time selecting them.
Keywords are important because they are possibly the most important thing that a search engine uses to determine whether a page is included in the search results. Even although different search engines use keywords in different ways, most experts agree that the frequency and position of your keywords is an important factor.
* Select keywords to describe your site.
* Choose 10 – 15 keywords.
* Take your time picking keywords – they are extremely important.
Pick a Good Title for your Web Page
When you write a web page, there is always a tag. This goes into the section of your web page. The tag is what is shown at the top of your web page when it is displayed in a web browser. Search engines, however, often use the tag as the title of the listing in the results.
The tag looks like this
The name of my Web Page
Not only is it good practice to make your tag have a good description of the content of the page, but if you can manage to work into it some of your keywords, so much the better.
Why you should use Meta Tags?
What are meta tags?
Meta tags are a special type of HTML code that goes into the section of a web page. Site visitors do not normally see them, but search engine spiders do. Just as some HTML tags have an attribute with a value, so too do meta tags.
As far as optimizing your web page for search engines is concerned, the most important meta tags are keywords and description. The syntax for the keyword tag is as follows:
The description tag is as follows:
Unlike some HTML tags, it is not strictly necessary to have the meta tag closed, but if you want to have valid XHTML, then you do need to close all your tags.
Consider your URL
Since we are discussing matters that will influence how a page appears, it is worth considering the actual URL of the page itself. Since the URL that appears in your browser reflects the file path for the page, it makes good sense to have the file name reflect the navigation of the site.
You can see at a glance that this page refers to the Lower Square, which is part of the Castle, which in turn is part of Stirling. Not only does this meaningful URL impart information to the visitor, but for the web designer it makes sense to have the separate files arranged in a logical manner. This will only apply to pages that have not been dynamically created by a database program, of course.
* Choose a meaningful title for your page.
* Put your keywords into the /www.dmoz.org/). This is the largest human-maintained directory of the Web. Because it allows virtually anyone to access its resources, many search portals such as AOL, Netscape and HotBot take advantage of this and include their data into their own systems. This means that once you are included on the ODP database, you are also included in many others.
* There are places you can submit your site free of charge
* Google is probably the most important place to submit to.
* Yahoo is a good second choice if you don’t mind registering with them.
* Do not forget the Open Directory Project.
Paid Listings
Although Google and Yahoo do not charge you anything for submitting your site to them, they do not guarantee where or when your site will appear in their listings. However, they do have sponsored links that appear either above or beside the listing of search engine hits. These are useful for promoting your small business web site since they are targeted links. If, for instance, someone searches for “bagpipes”, then not only will they get a list of bagpipe related sites returned, but they will also see the ‘sponsored links”.
Free Promotional Techniques
Ad Swapping
This is one of the easier ways of getting your web site promoted. What it involves basically is that you display an advertising banner, button or text link on your web site, and other sites do the same for your ads.
The simplest way of swapping banner ads is to join an existing banner swapping network:
Banner Advertising
Banner networks work because you are provided with a few lines of HTML code to include on your web pages, usually near the top. The HTML creates banners from other sites on your pages. When a visitor clicks on them, they are re-directed to their web site. At the same time, you provide the network organizer with your own banner to display elsewhere.
There are many banner ad networks available, so choose with caution. Try to find one that will direct traffic to your site, by displaying your ad on related sites. In order for the network to make money, they will perhaps ask you to display 2 banners in return for displaying yours once.
No network will promise a 1:1 ratio, so avoid those that do. Do not consider paying for extra banners until you have proved to yourself that the free ad is generating enough visitors to your site. Although most networks will promise not to display ads for pornographic or other unsuitable sites, in reality you have no control over them.
* Banner ads are free
* Try to choose a network that is related in some way to your business.
* Avoid those that make extravagant claims about the ratio of ads.
* Be aware that you have virtually no control over what ads appear on your site.
* You might get buttons or text links instead of banners.
Peer to Peer Swaps
Although banner swapping can yield increased exposure of your site, sometimes a more targeted approach is required. The object of the exercise is to get your ad seen by as many possible visitors as possible, therefore if you can arrange a deal with the webmaster of a busier site than yours it could be advantageous.
You may have to compromise. In return for prominently displaying an advertisement for a busier or better known web site than yours, you might have to agree to less prominence on the other site.
Web Rings
These are networks of similarly themed sites which creates links from one to another to form a chain. You will display a web link icon and a list of at least some of the other sites in the ring. If you are just launching your web site it is probably best to try to join an established ring.
There are possible flaws in joining a web ring. You will need to allow space on your pages to display the ring logo. Visitors might think that you are part of an organization, and if some of the sites are badly built, you might be associated with the rest of them. You will have no control over which sites join the ring, and link to you and vice versa.
* Web rings are free.
* They are normally similar web sites to your own.
* You have no control over the quality of the other sites in the ring.
Article Submission Sites : What is an Article Submission site?
An article submission site, and there are roughly 250 of them, are an effective way of promoting your own goods and services as well as generating traffic to your web site. Their purpose is to provide webmasters, e-book editors and e-zine publishers with free content for their own publications. The articles are usually arranged into different categories, and the site is normally searchable.
How they work
You write an article or series of articles about what you have to offer on your web site. The purpose of the article is not to directly sell your goods. Let us suppose that your web site sells a wide range of possible gifts for all members of the family. Your article might be about, for example, birthday gift ideas for teenage boys.
The purpose is to make your article interesting enough and informative enough for it to be used somewhere else. Since you have included some biographical details about yourself, including your own URL, and your article is published exactly as it appears on the article site, your URL appears in the end-user’s web site. Thus you are getting free publicity, and the publisher is getting free content.
* Article submission sites get you free publicity.
* Publishers get free page content.
* Your URL appears wherever your article is used, and so generates traffic to your site.
Paid or free submissions
All article submission sites will allow you to submit your article for nothing. You register with the site, and you can select what category you want your article to appear in. When you write your article you will include the same keywords as you did when you wrote the HTML for your web site. Thus a search engine will find your site, as well as the article you wrote about it.
Some article sites will allow you to bid for better placement within their pages. Basically, the more you bid, the higher prominence you will get on the article site’s home page. Thus you are the first thing a publisher notices. Even if you are outbid for top spot, chances are you will still be on the home page. Since a lot of the sites also have separate front pages for each of the categories, even if you don’t achieve prime position on the site’s home page, you likely will in the category pages.
* Use the same keywords you used on your web pages.
* You can bid for increased placement on the article site’s pages.
Summary
As you can see, there are many ways that you can promote your small business web site. By far the simplest way is to ensure that your web site has carefully chosen key words for search engines to find. You can also submit your web site to search engines, ad exchange networks, web rings and article submission sites free.
About the Author:
Rajesh V. Tavakari, Senior SEO of http://www.website-promotion-ranking-services.com/. Offering affordable website promotion and natural optimization services since 1998. Website : http://www.website-promotion-ranking-services.com/ . You may freely reprint this article on your website or in your newsletter provided this courtesy notice, author name and URL remain intact.
Rajesh Tavakari
http://www.articlesbase.com/small-business-articles/how-to-promote-your-small-business-web-site-without-costing-you-a-nickel-129732.html
How To Improve Your SEO Campaign
Ask any successful marketer about their three traffic pulling strategies and one of them will be SEO. Optimizing your site for the search engines is not so difficult as you might think. Go on reading and discover valuable tips to improve your SEO campaign.
Never exchange links with link farms. If a site has a directory with 600,000 links, it’s probably a good idea to decline the exchange. Search engines identify what they call “bad neighborhoods” or sites that exist only to collect links and then someone cash in on it. Linking to or being linked to by such a site could get you flagged as a potential spammer.
When working on a search engine optimization project, consider working out triangular link exchanges. These exchanges will require you to link to one person and then that person to another who will link to you in turn. In the end, none of you have reciprocal links, but you will all have one way links, which are given more value by search engine algorithms.
Rather than seeking out “link directory” exchange partners, seek out partners to exchange links for pages people actually go to, such as your opt-in pages, your sales pages, and your home page. This is a much better way to collect links. Additionally, it ends up creating a far more natural link structure than stuffing 600 links in the same directory.
Submit articles to directories to create one way links to your site. It is important to note that this will only work once. If you submit the same article with the same resource box to 50 different directories, you will only receive credit for a single one way link and it will be from whatever website search engines happen to spider first.
Each search engine has its own algorithm, but Google always leads with algorithm changes. If you spend enough time working on search engine optimization, tune your site to Google’s changes. Forget the rest. In 2-3 years from now, they will be doing what Google did yesterday.
When optimizing the body of a page for search engines, consider using highlight and bold tags on some of your keywords of choice. Not only will this attract visitors’ eyes and point out that the page is relevant to their search but it will also improve your search engine algorithm score for that page’s relevance.
Whenever you create a boilerplate link text for links you will add to directories, you should always integrate keywords from your list into the actual text. Many experts suggest that text that surrounds a link to your site is also involved in determining precisely what your site is about according to the search engines.
As always, it’s up to you to implement these tips and techniques to improve your SEO campaign. So don’t wait and start right now.
Kurt Naulaerts
http://www.articlesbase.com/business-opportunities-articles/how-to-improve-your-seo-campaign-50808.html
How To Increase Your Search Engine Ranking
The methods employed to increase your search engine
rankings may seem like rocket science to you, so you have probably avoided dealing with this issue. I am here to tell you – the time has come to face your website! A high search engine ranking for your website is so essential that if you have the slightest desire to actually succeed in your
business, there is no way you can continue to avoid this issue.
At least 85% of people looking for goods and services on the Internet find websites through search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and MSN. The idea of optimizing your pages for high search engine rankings is to attract targeted customers to your site who will be more than likely to make a purchase. The higher your page comes up in search engine results, the greater the traffic that is directed to your website. That’s what search engine optimization is about.
You can immerse yourself in all the technical information available online to figure out how to optimize your web pages to achieve higher rankings. Or you can look at a few simple items on your pages, make some small adjustments, and most likely see improved rankings quite rapidly. The first item you should examine is the title bar on your homepage.
The title bar is the colored bar at the top of the page. Look at the words that appear there when you access your home page. To increase search engine rankings, the words on your homepage’s title bar should include the most important keywords or phrases, one of which would include your company name.
Then click on all your links and examine the title bars on the pages you access. Each title bar on every single page of your site should contain the most important keywords and phrases taken from the page itself. However, avoid very long strings of keywords, keeping them to six words or less. Avoid repeating keywords more than once in the title bars, and make sure that identical words are not next to each other.
The next item to put under your microscope is your website content. Search engines generally list sites that contain quality content rather than scintillating graphics. The text on your site must contain the most important keywords – the words that potential customers will be typing into search engines to find your site.
Aim to have around 250 words on each page, but if this is not desirable due to your design, aim for at least 100 carefully chosen words. If you want to achieve a high ranking on search engines, this text is essential. However, the search engines must be able to read the text, meaning that the text must be in HTML and not graphic format.
To find out if your text is in HTML format, take your
cursor and try to highlight a word or two. If you are able to do this, the text is HTML. If the text will not highlight, it is probably in graphic form. In this case, ask your webmaster to change the text into HTML format in order to increase your search engine rankings.
Next we come to what is called meta tags. I know this
sounds like something out of science fiction, but it is really just simple code. Many people believe that meta tags are the key to high search engine rankings, but in reality, they only have a limited effect. Still, it’s worth adding them in the event that a search engine will use meta tags in their ranking formula.
To find out if your page is set up with meta tags, you must access the code. To do this, click the “view” button on the browser menu bar, and select “source.” This will pull up a window revealing the underlying code that created the page. If there are meta tags, they usually appear near the top of the window. For example, a meta tag would read: meta name=”keywords” content=. If you do not find code that reads like this, ask your webmaster to put them in. This may not do much for your search engine rankings, but any little boost helps.
Lastly, we come to the issue of link popularity. This is a factor that is extremely important in terms of search engine rankings. Almost all search engines use link popularity to rank your website. Link popularity is based on the quality of the sites you have linked to from your links page.
If you type in “free link popularity check” in a popular search engine, the search engine will then show you what sites are linked to your site. In the case that there aren’t many sites linked up to yours, or that the sites that are linked up have low search engine rankings, consider launching a link popularity campaign. Essentially, this entails contacting quality sites and requesting that they exchange links with your site. Of course, this requires checking out the rankings of the websites you want to link up with. Linking to popular, quality sites not only boosts your search engine ranking, but it also directs more quality traffic to your website.
Search engine rankings are extremely important for a successful Internet marketing campaign. Before you go out and hire a search engine optimization company, try taking some of the simple steps listed above, and see if you can’t boost your rankings yourself. Don’t ever ignore this all-important factor in Internet marketing. Remember, the higher your search engine ranking, the more quality customers will be directed your way.
Tom Mansell
http://www.articlesbase.com/seo-articles/how-to-increase-your-search-engine-ranking-64711.html
Dot Net Interview Questions – Dot Net Faq
Microsoft dot net is a software that’s helps us to develop application for different environments and for different devices. We can build xml web services and web application for environment such as the internet. we can also create window-based application, server components and application that run on devices just like for PC and mobile dot net integrate various application and devices by using standards just like HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocols), XML and SOAP(Simple Access Protocol)
The feature that’s make .NET so popular is exchange of data between two application written in different languages and for different environments. XML web services helps to exchange data. One another options here in .net is remoting which help us exchange of data between two computes using binary or HTTP protocols. These all rotates on web protocols.
The one of main component in .net framework is CLR. It provides run time environment and various services to our applications. There are various components in CLR too. This component provides runtime environment and infrastructure to our applications.
Some brief works of CLR components are:
• Class Loader: It loads classes at runtime;
• MSIL: It converts msil code to native code.
• Code Manager: It manages code during executions.
• Garbage Collector: Automatic memory management.
• Security Engine: Security restriction and performance.
• Type Checker: Helps in strict type checking.
• Thread Support: Multithreading supports to applications.
• Exception Manager: Handle runtime exceptions;
• Debug Engine: Debug environment different types of applications.
• Com Narrations: Data Exchange with COM application;
• Base Library Supports: Provides types for applications.
Pervej Munjal
http://www.articlesbase.com/interviews-articles/dot-net-interview-questions-dot-net-faq-85054.html
Google Update: A Test For Keyword Dominance
Google is one of the most popular search engines on the Internet today. According to statistics about 50 to 80 percent of searches made by users worldwide are being done on Google. That is probably one reason why most Internet marketing strategy, either search engine optimization or pay-per-click, consider every action done by Google as vital factor.
How so? Well, Google works by “spidering” or “crawling” web sites. Once this is done, the web sites are then added to the Google “index”. This index is pretty much like a phonebook, it is Google’s very own list of pages on the Internet. After that, Google performs several operations on the information they had accumulated. Eventually, it decides where each page will appear on the list of results for searches.
Every once in a while Google would start using a new index for its search results. This time is called the “Google Update”. Currently, the Google updates occur about once in a month. It usually takes a few days and is quite an anticipated and dreaded event for most site owners, since this is the time when their listing in Google changes. Is it for the better or for worse? You be the judge.
Now, the latest Google update has gained the nickname “Jagger”. It is probably due to the fact that it is causing major distress to site owners all over the globe. Why you ask? Well, like what happens in most Google updates, an initial period of movement in ranking position has recently occurred.
As with every algorithm update, Google attempts to take out the spam from its database. So what kind of changes had been made as a result of this update? Only the Google engineers have the answer to that. But, there are some factors which seem to be important in this update. For instance, hidden text spam seems to be taking quite a hit. Whereas most search engines consider white text on white background spamming, it seems that Google has now also take text that is hidden in invisible CSS layers. Another noticeable change is that links from automated link exchanges and text link advertising systems seem to count less.
But, before you picture the worst case scenario remember that this is pretty natural. Soon enough things will get back to normal. Google updates may last barely a day or it might take as long as 8 weeks, depending on how extensive the update is. After all, Google have about 16 to 24 billion web pages in its database, so they probably need some time.
While the Google update is still ongoing, site owners will probably see their search engine results change from day to day. But there is still no need to panic! For any given key phrase the ranking results may drop from 1 to 100, or vise versa. Either way, do not get use to them yet. These are just temporary results and will change once things settle down. So in order to put your fears to rest check your Google Page Rank and see if it has moved as well. If it remained the same then you can be certain that the key phrases will pull through. But, if your PR has also dropped just like your key phrase ranking then it may be time to take a closer look to see what is going on.
So how do you deal with this latest update? First of all, do not panic. If your site rankings dropped, give it another week just to be sure that the index update is really over. Now if your site is still no where to be found, then its time for some serious consideration. What do you think went wrong?
For example, if you use CSS in order to hide text on your web pages think about removing those hidden text. If you use other techniques that Google might consider a spam, then remove them from your pages immediately.
If you have a links page, instead of using a link exchange system with a central server why not host your link pages on your own site. If you are part of a centralized system your site will be at risk if the centralized system is considered spam.
Once you have removed the spam elements from your pages, there are two things that you can do in order to tide you over from this crazy phase. First, optimize your site. Consider using “IBP’s Top 10 Optimizer” in order to optimize your web pages for the new Google algorithm. This optimizer utilizes the current ranking algorithm and will help you to determine which web page elements Google wants to see on a web page for your keyword and your web site.
The second thing you can do is to expand your promotion efforts. Consider trying out other search engines. Do not put all eggs in one basket. Even if you did manage to get high rankings on Google, it’s still a better idea not to rely on Google alone.
Why not try Yahoo and MSN? They are also quite popular among users and can bring you qualified traffic. After all, the key to a successful online business is to get qualified traffic from all big search engines. If your site has good rankings on the other search engines then dropping out on one will not have much effect on you.
Keep in mind that Google updates their Page Rankings a couple of times a year. Regardless of your position it is still highly anticipated, because it can be a good barometer that can help you gauge your site.
With the ever changing factors to Google’s obscure ranking algorithm remember that you are not alone in this. If your site has suffered lower ranking so have millions of other web site owners out there. So, sit back and relax. Once the update is over and thing settle down again you will be able to see just exactly where you stand. Then you can adjust your SEO plan accordingly, and resume your pursuit of gaining key phrase dominance!
Danny Wirken
http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/google-update-a-test-for-keyword-dominance-68963.html
Search Engine Optimisation Guidelines for Web Masters
Idea Inception
Know Your Audience
Know your audience and establish the keywords that you will target.
Find out what will interest them and what kind of search patterns they usually have.
Look at studies online for demographic information, and visit other sites, forums or communities that your target audience use.
Keyword Research
Once you have found the keywords your audience will be looking for you can find the optimal key phrases to optimise for, by using research tools such as KeywordDiscovery, Wordtracker, Google AdWords, and Yahoo Search Marketing data.
Compile lists of the most relevant phrases for your site. These will be used later on to decide the content, TITLE tags and possibly filenames of your web pages.
Grouping of the key phrases in a structured way will help to determine the architecture of your site. Look for descriptive terms like colour, size, model numbers or brand.
Choosing a Domain Name
Try not to use a new domain name. Although Google does not publicly admit that a sandboxing filter exists for new sites, for some reason, new domains can take 9 12 months to be included in the main index for any keyword phrases that are important to them.
Choose the correct TLD for your geographical location as SE’s sometimes localise searches.
Your domain name should be something short and punchy that describes the brand or product and conveys a message such as fun, music, adult or gaming.
Don’t worry about lots of keywords in the domain name. They hold little or know value with the SE’s.
Choosing a host
Make sure your host is in the audience’s geographical location as SE’s may localise their search.
Design & Content
Basic Principles
Design for the users not the SE’s in mind.
Talking naturally about the sites subject matter will identify what your keywords and phrases should be.
Write unique, quality content for your visitors. This is the most valuable way to get back links.
Take your list of key phrases and choose a few different ones for every page, ensuring that your site includes the words your audience will be searching for within it.
Structuring Your Site
Categorise your site architecture and navigation based on your keyword research. Lay out your site so that people will find the products they’re looking for. Are they looking for a price, size or a particular brand?
Your keyword research will show you that people are looking for your product in many different ways. Your job is to make sure that your site’s navigation showcases the various ways of searching. Make sure you have links to the price, size and brand pages.
Design the site with a clear hierarchy.
Try not to have folders too deep. The closer a folder or page is to the root of your site the more relevant it is.
TITLE and Meta Tags
Title tags are critical because they’re given a lot of weight with every search engine.
Your main target key phrase should be used in the TITLE tag of the home page. If your site is about Widgets then the TITLE should be something like “Get the best Widgets from the Widget Specialists”
oSub key phrases will be the names, and therefore the titles, of your sub pages i.e. “Blue Widgets” or “Large Widgets” would be sub directories or pages of “Widgets”.
The META description should be an extension (but not exact copy) of the keywords used in the TITLE tag i.e. “Get the very best in Widget design from the worlds leading online Widgets supplier. Specialising in Blue and Large widgets”
Try not to use punctuation or stop words (and, or, in, of etc.) in the TITLE tag as these are often ignored by the SE’s.
Try not to use the domain name in the TITLE as it uses up characters that could better me used for a call to action or more keywords.
Page Content
The first copy on the page should be an extension of the META description and be as close to the opening BODY tag, within the source code, as possible, without comprising the user experience.
Your keywords should appear as many times as possible on the page without it becoming nonsense for the human reader.
Your target key phrase should appear in H1 tags.
oSub key phrases on the same page should appear in H2, H3 tags and so on.
Search engines make a decision on the topic of the page based on the first 250 words. Try and make those words as relevant as possible.
Use keyword kerning. Use variations of your keywords in the body of the content. If your subject matter is “Racing” then talk about “Racing” but also “Races” you have entered and a particular “Race” you might be looking forward to.
Bold some of your keywords or phrases as this carries more weight with the search engines.
Some SEO’s believe a few keywords at the end of the page, say in a copyright statement or disclaimer, can aid the SE in determining the topic as it leaves the page. Bare in mind this must be useful to the user.
Don’t duplicate content. If all that changes on a group of pages is a few details then consider merging the information into one page.
Check your keyword density and ensure that it is approximately the same ratio as your competitors.
The content should make your site link-worthy. If your site is full of wonderful, useful information, other sites will naturally link to it without even asking and therefore increasing your rankings.
Page Graphics
Try to use text instead of images or flash where possible. Search engines don’t (this may change in the future) read the text in images or flash files.
If using AJAX make sure the initial load of the application contains the optimised elements such as TITLE and headers and is also reachable from a fixed address.
Where images are used make sure the ALT attribute of the IMAGE SRC tag is used to describe the image. Even if there is no description then ALT=”" is still necessary.
Linking
Using meaningful anchor text. Avoid non specific anchor text like “Click Here” as this tells the SE’s nothing about what is at the other end of the link.
Try and use the same keywords in the anchor text as is used in TITLE tag of landing page.
Every page should be reachable from at least one static text link.
Offer a site map to your users with links that point to the important parts of your site. If the site map is larger than 100 or so links, you may want to break the site map into separate pages.
Make sure none of your links are broken.
Consider using key phrases as folder or filenames i.e. www.example.com/widgets/blue.html or www.example.com/blue-widgets.html Avoid using the underscore character or spaces as these aren’t interpreted correctly by the spiders.
Only link out to trusted sources that will be relevant and useful to your audience.
Use the TITLE attribute of the HREF tag to describe where the link is going.
If using dropdown menus or search forms to navigate provide alternative methods i.e. text links, to find the same information.
Use the REL=”NOFOLLOW” attribute of the HREF tag to prevent the crawlers from accessing irrelevant/non useful information.
Try not to have over 100 links on one page.
Technical
If using dynamic URL’s implement a URL rewrite technology such as MOD Rewrite. This will make your query strings search engine friendly and get them indexed. Parameters like “&id=” may be ignored by the likes of Google.
Check which type of URL rewriting your server and programming languages support.
If using a content management system make sure the software exports the content to HTML pages so that the SE’s can crawl them.
Use the robots.txt file to tell the crawlers which pages and directories they can access and to make sure important content isn’t being blocked.
Try not to use frames or iFrames. Keep the content on the page.
Don’t use session id’s or other tracking id’s. These appear to the crawlers as unique URL’s when in fact they point to the same page, possibly resulting in an incomplete indexing of the site or worse, penalisation for supplicate content.
URL canonical issues. Make sure your server is configured so that users and crawlers are redirected to the http://www.example.com version of your site. Allowing users to access your site by either the http://example.com or the http://www.example.com version of your URL may result in the SE’s indexing both versions and thus penalising for duplicate content.
If you are using JavaScript consider placing it in an external .JS file.
Place your CSS in an external style sheet.
Validate your mark up language with a free validation service such as the W3C Validator.
Launch
Get back-links. The most valuable thing to get links is to write unique, quality content for your audience.
Submit to relevant, industry specific and trusted directories. Make sure all the relevant sites that should know about your site are aware that you are now online.
Submit to http://www.google.com/addurl.html.
Submit a site map to Google Sitemaps. Google Sitemaps uses your sitemap to learn about the structure of your site and to increase their coverage of your web pages.
Consider a Pay Per Click campaign to get the ball rolling. Not only will this give your site exposure to you audience but people may link to you naturally.
Post Launch
Use tracking software such as Google Analytics or WebTrends to analyse where your traffic is coming from and which pages are receiving the most traffic.
Keep validating your mark up language to ensure it complies with W3C Recommendations and other standards.
Use a Broken Link Checker to make sure all your links a kept in tact.
If you have to move pages make sure you use the appropriate server response codes. Don’t use 302 response codes for pages that have moved as this tells the crawler that the page has only moved temporarily. Use the 301 response code instead.
Link Equity. Try not to change URL’s or titles of pages especially with deep linked pages. Historical value of a page is of great importance to the SE’s. If you have to move a page then make sure you use the appropriate redirect response code.
Good Practice Guidelines
Failure to comply with any or all of these guidelines will significantly increase your chances of exclusion from the search engines.
Anything that can be deemed as artificial inflating rankings is known as spamming the search engines.
Design your site for your audience not the search engines. If it doesn’t help your audience then it’s probably not a good idea.
Avoid tricks. The more a ‘trick’ is discussed, the more certain you are that the search engines know about it. Be very wary of any technique that the search engines wouldn’t like, because if you can read about it, you can bet they have too. As soon as anything is more often abused than used, the search engines will stop paying attention to it and may even penalise.
Don’t participate in link exchange programmes or any PageRank purchasing schemes.
Don’t use automated software that submits to search engines, directories, forums or blogs.
Don’t steal other peoples content. Duplicate content is frowned upon by the SE’s and may get you excluded.
Don’t get links from nearly-hidden sections of websites listing hundreds or thousands of off topic sites.
Don’t link to off topic sites.
Don’t stuff your pages with either irrelevant or relevant keywords.
Don’t stuff your folder or filenames with either irrelevant or relevant keywords.
Don’t stuff your domain name with either irrelevant or relevant keywords.
Don’t use cloaking, page jacking or any other dubious redirecting methods.
Avoid “doorway” pages created just for search engines, or other “cookie cutter” approaches such as affiliate programs with little or no original content. If you are building an affiliate site make sure there is some original, interesting and unique content for your audience.
Don’t waste effort looking for loopholes you can exploit. Spend your time on understanding the current technologies and where they are heading.
Chris Phillips
http://www.articlesbase.com/seo-articles/search-engine-optimisation-guidelines-for-web-masters-70755.html
The Google Patent Reveals The Secret To Great Site Ranking
How many years did you register your domain name for? If it was
only one then Google could hold that against you.
Why?
Because the majority of Spam websites only register a domain
name for one year. A domain name registered for a longer period
implies that the owner is more likely to be legitimate and
serious about their web site.
This is just one of the unusual factors possibly considered by
Google when indexing and ranking a website. Factors you could
never even have guessed at in some cases.
How do I know this?
Google have recently made public the contents of their filing of
United States Patent
Application 20050071741 on March 31 2005.
In which many of the search giants secret ranking criteria is
revealed and it makes very interesting reading. You must read
this if you are serious about ranking well in Google. The
days of Spaming Google are drawing to a close. With this patent
they reveal just how hard they’re coming down on Spam sites. You
Do Not want to get caught out.
Here are the facts.
• Links.
It’s common knowledge that Google relies heavily on inbound
relevant links to rank a site. Now they explain exactly how it
works.
As well as the number, quality and anchor text factors of a
link. Google seems to also consider historical factors.
Apparently the Google ’sandbox’ or aging delay begins count down
the minute links to a new site are discovered.
Google records the discovery of a link, link changes over time,
the speed at which a site gains links and the link life span.
With this in mind fast link acquisition may be a strong
indicator of potential search engine Spam.
Gone are the days of pages and pages full of links. You must
grow your links slowly to stay below the radar and be careful
who you exchange links with. That means no more buying hundreds
of links at once or other underhand tactics.
PR is now very valuable.
Your link anchor text should vary but remain consistent with
your site content. No more using your main keywords on every
link exchange you gain. That’s ‘anchor Spam’. Instead vary them
around your top five to ten keywords.
Link exchanges are still very important but you must work and
utilize them ethically. If you don’t and you get caught the
recovery from a ban can be months in coming and your host and IP
may also be recorded.
Softly softly seems to be the message. The fact is fewer but
better quality links will benefit you more anyway and they will
be much more likely to be long-term which is also good.
• Site click through rates (CTR)
CTR may now be monitored through cache, temporary files,
bookmarks and favorites via the Google toolbar or desktop tools.
Many have suspected for some time that sites are reward for good
CTR with a raise in ranking. Similar to how Adwords works.
CTR is monitored to see if fresh or stale content is preferred
for a search result.
CTR is also analyzed for increases or decreases relating to
trends or seasons.
• Web page rankings are recorded and monitored for changes.
• The traffic to a web page is recorded and monitored over time.
• Sites can be ranked seasonally. A ski site may rank higher in
the winter than in the summer.
Google can monitor and rank pages by recording CTR changes by
season.
• Bookmarks and favorites could be monitored for changes,
deletions or additions.
• User behaviour in general could be monitored.
As Google is capable of tracking traffic to your site you should
closely monitor the small amount of copy returned in search
results. Ideally you want to integrate a call to action in there
to increase your listings CTR.
Clicks away from your site back to the search results are also
monitored. Make your site as sticky as possible to keep visitors
there longer. As mentioned above it may also help if you could
get your visitors to bookmark you.
• The frequency and amount of page updates is monitored and
recorded as is the number of pages.
Mass updates of hundreds of files will see you pop up on the
radar.On the other hand few or small updates to your site could
see your rankings slide. Unless your CTR is good. A stale page
that receives good traffic may hold it’s own and not require an
update. So don’t update for the sake of it.
A further indicator that Google is really cracking down on Spam
is made clear in the following extract from the Patent. Mention
is made of changing the focus of multiple pages at once.
Here’s the quote -
“A significant change over time in the set of topics associated
with a document may indicate that the document has changed
owners and previous document indicators, such as score, anchor
text, etc., are no longer reliable.
Similarly, a spike in the number of topics could indicate Spam.
For example, if a particular document is associated with a set
of one or more topics over what may be considered a ’stable’
period of time and then a (sudden) spike occurs in the number of
topics associated with the document, this may be an indication
that the document has been taken over as a ‘doorway’ document.
Another indication may include the sudden disappearance of the
original topics associated with the document. If one or more of
these situations are detected, then [Google] may reduce the
relative score of such documents and/or the links, anchor text,
or other data associated the document.”
There’s still more to look out for:-
• Changes in on page keyword density is monitored and recorded
as are changes to anchor text.
• The domain name owner address is considered, most likely to
help in a local search result.
• The technical and admin contact details are checked for
consistency. These are often falsified for Spam domains.
• Your hosts IP address. If you are on a shared server it’s
possible somebody else on that server is using dirty tactics or
Spaming. If so your site will suffer since you share the same IP.
The impression I get here is that Google have learned from the
Spam ‘attack’ they suffered in early 2004 and they are
determined to eradicate it from their listing results.
So what do you do?
You can’t go far wrong with your SEO if you try to grow your
site as organically as possible.Carry on with link exchanges but
consider each site carefully and slow down in your gathering of
them. Vary your anchor text. Add small amounts of good quality
content to your site regularly.
Check your search engine listings and edit your site to include
a call to action in them if possible. Make your site more
’sticky’ to encourage visitors to stay a while. Encourage
visitors to Bookmark your site. Oh and register new domain names
for at least two years.
Overall keep it ethical and you can’t go far wrong. Stick to the
guidelines above and you are much more likely to outlast and out
rank your competition
Darren Yates
http://www.articlesbase.com/sem-articles/the-google-patent-reveals-the-secret-to-great-site-ranking-2424.html